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    \textbf{Category} & \textbf{Flavonoids} & \textbf{Models} & \textbf{Dose} & \textbf{Mechanism} & \textbf{Ref.} \\
    \SetCell[r=9]{l,bg=white} Chalcones & \SetCell[r=5]{l,bg=white} Phloretin & BALB/c mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 2 h twice/day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks. & 10, 20 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in BALF and lung; MUC5AC\textdownarrow in lung; p-EGFR\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, p-38\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{55} \\
     &  & CSE-induced NCI-H292 cells. & 1, 2.5, 5, 10 $\mu$M & IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow; p-EGFR\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, p-38\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & 10${{6}}$ CFU non-typeable \textit{Haemophilus influenzae}, 10${{5}}$ CFU \textit{Moraxella catarrhalis}, 5  10${{5}}$ CFU \textit{Streptococcus pneumoniae}, and 10${{5}}$ CFU \textit{Pseudomonas aeruginosa} strain PAO1 were grown with phloretin. & 0.1-1 mM & Bacterial growth\textdownarrow, pathogen biofilm formation\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} \parencite{56} \\
     &  & 310${{4}}$ NTHi infected NCI-H292 cells. & 0.1 mM & NTHi adhesion\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & FVB/NJ mice were diet supplemented with phloretin (1 week) and were exposed intratracheally to NTHi (24 h). & 0.157\% & NTHi burden\textdownarrow, CXCL1\textdownarrow &  \\
     & Isoliquiritigenin & C57BL/6N male mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 2 h twice/day for 4 weeks. & 10, 20, 30 mg/kg & Wet/Dry ratio\textdownarrow, inflammatory cell\textdownarrow; MPO\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow in BALF; MDA\textdownarrow in lung; p-p65\textdownarrow, p-I$\kappa$B\textdownarrow in lung; Nrf2\textuparrow, HO-1\textuparrow in lung & \parencite{57} \\
     & \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} Hydroxysafflor yellow A & MaleWistar rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h daily for 4 weeks, except received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 30, 48, 76.8 mg/kg & Wat/Pbm\textdownarrow TGF-$\beta$1\textdownarrow, $\alpha$-SMA\textdownarrow, CollagenI\textdownarrow in lung; TGF-$\beta$1\textdownarrow inplasma; p-p38\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{58} \\
     &  & PAF-stimulated HSAECs. & 9, 27, 81 $\mu$M & IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow; PKC\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, p-JNK\textdownarrow, p-p38, p-I$\kappa$B\textdownarrow & \parencite{59} \\
     &  & MaleWistar rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 4 weeks, except received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 30, 48, 76.8 mg/kg & IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in lung; ICAM-1\textdownarrow, VCAM-1\textdownarrow in lung; p-p38\textdownarrow, p65\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{60} \\
    \SetCell[r=16]{l,bg=white} Flavones & Apigenin & H$_{{2}}$O$_{{2}}$-induced senescence of WI-38 cell. & 10, 20 $\mu$M & Senescence\textdownarrow & \parencite{61} \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Oroxylin A & Male C57BL/6 were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 4 days. & 6, 12, and 25 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, MCP-1\textdownarrow in BALF; 3-NT\textdownarrow, 8-OHdG\textdownarrow, 8-isoprostane\textdownarrow; GSH\textuparrow, Nrf2\textuparrow, HO-1\textuparrow, GR\textuparrow, GPX-2\textuparrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{62} \\
     &  & CSE-induced RAW264.7. & 50, 100, 150 $\mu$M & TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, Nrf2\textuparrow, HO-1\textuparrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Scutellarein & RSL-3 or Erastin-induced human BEAS-2B cells. & 1, 2, 5 $\mu$M & LDH\textdownarrow, HMGB\textdownarrow; lipid ROS\textdownarrow, MDA\textdownarrow, GSH\textuparrow, GPX4\textuparrow, HMOX1\textdownarrow, ATF3\textdownarrow,\textit{ }Keap1\textuparrow, Nrf2\textdownarrow, HO-1\textdownarrow,\textit{ }p-JNK\textdownarrow, p-p38\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{63} \\
     &  & Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 6 weeks, except received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 5, 10, 20 mg/kg & TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow in serum; HMGB1\textdownarrow in BALF; MDA\textdownarrow, GPX4\textuparrow in lung tissues; HMOX1\textdownarrow, HO-1\textdownarrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=8]{l,bg=white} Quercetin & C57BL/6 mice were exposed to elastase and LPS on day four of the week for four weeks. & 10 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; TBARS, Hmox-1, KC/CXCL-1\textdownarrow, MIP-2/CXCL-2\textdownarrow, MCP-1/CCL2\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-12p40\textdownarrow, MIP-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow, MMP-9\textdownarrow, MMP-12\textdownarrow, SIRT1\textuparrow & \parencite{64} \\
     &  & CSE-induced in U937 cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from patients. & 10 $\mu$M & TNF$\alpha$\textdownarrow, CXCL8\textdownarrow\textit{, }p-AMPK\textuparrow, Nrf2\textuparrow, corticosteroid insensitivity\textuparrow & \parencite{65} \\
     &  & Female mice were subjected to whole body CS for 2h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, and received intratracheal instillation of NTHi on the 7${{th}}$ and 21${{st}}$ day, and infected with RV. & 100 mg/kg & CXCL-1\textdownarrow, CXCL-10\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IFN-\textdownarrow and IL-17A\textdownarrow CD11b${{+}}$CD11c${{+}}$ macrophages\textdownarrow, neutrophils\textdownarrow, CD8${{+}}$T cells\textdownarrow & \parencite{66} \\
     &  & Male SD rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 3 months. & 50 mg /kg & Lung function\textuparrow; Caspase-3\textdownarrow, Caspase-9\textdownarrow in lung; IL-6\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-10\textuparrow in serum; TGF-$\beta$1\textdownarrow, $\alpha$-SMA\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{67} \\
     &  & COPD patients & 2,000 mg/day & Lung function\textuparrow & \parencite{68} \\
     &  & SD rats received intratracheal injections of LPS. & 50, 100, 200 mg/kg & MUC5AC\textdownarrow, EGFR\textdownarrow, PKC\textdownarrow, NF-$\kappa$B\textdownarrow\textit{, }p-PI3K\textdownarrow, p-AKT\textdownarrow, p-PKC\textdownarrow & \parencite{69} \\
     &  & C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CS 3 times/day for 60 days. & 10 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF IL-10\textdownarrow, IL-13\textdownarrow, IL-17 \textuparrow, IL-22\textdownarrow in lung; SOD\textuparrow, CAT\textuparrow, GSH/ GSSG\textuparrow, MPO\textdownarrow, TBARS\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{70} \\
     &  & Airway basal cells from COPD patients. & 1 $\mu$M & Occludin\textuparrow and E-cadherin\textuparrow IL-8\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow & \parencite{71} \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Fisetin & TNF-$\alpha$ induced HEK293T and NCI-H292 cells. & 2.5, 5, 10 $\mu$M & IL-8\textdownarrow & \parencite{72} \\
     &  & Male Wistar albino rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 60 days. & 5, 25, 50 mg/kg & Macrophages and neutrophils\textdownarrow in BALF; MDA\textdownarrow, 3NT\textdownarrow, 8IP\textdownarrow, GSH\textuparrow, NO\textuparrow, SOD\textuparrow in lung; TNF$\alpha$\textdownarrow, GMCSF\textdownarrow, IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL4\textdownarrow, IL10\textdownarrow in lung; HO1\textuparrow, Gpx2\textuparrow, Nrf2\textuparrow in lung & \parencite{73} \\
     & Myricetin & TNF-$\alpha$-induced A549 cells. & 20, 40, 60 $\mu$M & IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow\textit{, }p-p65\textdownarrow, I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textdownarrow\textit{, }acetyl-p65, SIRT1\textuparrow & \parencite{74} \\
    \SetCell[r=16]{l,bg=white} Flavones & \SetCell[r=4]{l,bg=white} Casticin & Female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 30 min four times a day for 14 d. & 1, 2, 10 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, KC\textdownarrow, MCP-1\textdownarrow in BALF & \parencite{75} \\
     &  & Male Wistar rats were subjected to exposure to CS twice/day for 85 days. & 10, 20, 30 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in plasma; leptin\textuparrow C-reactive protein\textdownarrow in plasma; MDA\textdownarrow, GSH\textuparrow, SOD\textuparrow\textit{, }TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow\textit{, }TLR4\textdownarrow, p-NF-$\kappa$B\textdownarrow, p-I$\kappa$B$\alpha$\textuparrow in lung & \parencite{76} \\
     &  & LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells. & 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 $\mu$M & IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IFN-\textdownarrow\textit{, }apoptosis cell\textdownarrow, p-p65\textdownarrow, Nrf2\textuparrow, keap-1\textdownarrow & \parencite{77} \\
     &  & H$_{{2}}$O$_{{2}}$ induced BEAS-2B cells. & 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 $\mu$M & ROS\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow, MDA\textdownarrow\textit{, }Nrf2\textuparrow, HO-1\textuparrow, Keap-1\textdownarrow & \parencite{78} \\
     & \SetCell[r=4]{l,bg=white} Luteolin & Male BALB/c mice were exposed first to 100 mg/m${{3}}$ CS for 15 days and then to 250 mg/m${{3}}$ CS for 5 days/week for 75 consecutive days (6 h/day). & 20, 40 mg/kg & Body weight, SOD\textuparrow, CAT\textuparrow, and MDA\textdownarrow in serum and BALF; IL6\textdownarrow, IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL8\textdownarrow, TNF$\alpha$\textdownarrow in serum and BALF; NQO1\textuparrow, HO1\textuparrow; pp65\textdownarrow pI$\kappa$B\textdownarrow, NOX4\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{79} \\
     &  & CSE-treated A549 cells. & 100, 200 $\mu$M & SOD\textuparrow, CAT\textuparrow, MDA\textdownarrow, IL6\textdownarrow, IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL8\textdownarrow, TNF$\alpha$\textdownarrow NQO1\textuparrow, HO1\textuparrow, pp65\textdownarrow pI$\kappa$B\textdownarrow, NOX4\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & CSE-treated A549 cells. & 10, 30 $\mu$M & SOD\textuparrow, LDH\textdownarrow, and MDA\textdownarrow, ROS\textdownarrow, mitochondrial ROS\textuparrow, Ca${{2+}}$ influx\textdownarrow, TRPV1\textdownarrow, SIRT6\textuparrow, CYP2A13\textdownarrow, NRF2\textuparrow, PGC1$\alpha$\textuparrow, SOD1\textuparrow, SOD2\textuparrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{80} \\
     &  & C57BL/6J mice intratracheal injections of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ days of the trial. Mice were passively exposed for 15 min, twice/day, six days/week, for eight weeks. & 50, 100 mg/kg & Body weight\textuparrow, lung index\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow, LDH\textdownarrow, MDA\textdownarrow, CAT\textuparrow, GSH\textuparrow, TRPV1\textdownarrow, SIRT6\textuparrow, CYP2A13\textdownarrow, NRF2\textuparrow, PGC1$\alpha$\textuparrow, SOD1\textuparrow, SOD2\textuparrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=6]{l,bg=white} Naringenin & Hartley strain guinea pigs were subjected to exposure to CS 1 h/day, 6 days/week, for 8 weeks. & 9.2, 18.4, 36.8 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; SOD in lung, MPO in lung and BALF & \parencite{81} \\
     &  & BALB/c mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 90 days. & 20, 40, 80 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow, MMP-9\textdownarrow in lung and BALF; p-p65\textdownarrow, I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, GR & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{82} \\
     &  & CSE-induced A549. & 2, 20, 50 mM & TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow, GR &  \\
     &  & RAW264.7 was treated by BEAS-2B-derived Evs. & 5.7  10${{8}}$ to 6.8  10${{8}}$ particles/m & M1 macrophage polarization\textdownarrow; IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, iNOS\textdownarrow, IL-12\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} \parencite{83} \\
     &  & MH-S macrophages were treated by BEAS-2B-derived Evs. & / & M1 macrophage polarization\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & THP-1 macrophages were treated by BEAS-2B-derived Evs. & / & M1 macrophage polarization\textdownarrow; IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, iNOS\textdownarrow, IL-12\textdownarrow, miR-21-3p\textdownarrow, PTEN\textuparrow, p-AKT\textdownarrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Hesperetin & C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with CSE on days 1, 8, and 15. & 25, 50 mg/kg & SOD\textuparrow and CAT\textuparrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow in BALF MPO\textdownarrow in lung; p-p65\textdownarrow, PGC-1a\textuparrow, SIRT1\textuparrow & \parencite{84} \\
     &  & Female ICR mice were subjected to exposure to CS 1 h twice/day and 6 days/week for 8 weeks. & 25, 50, 100 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; AKT1\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, VEGFA\textdownarrow, MMP-9\textdownarrow, TP53\textuparrow & \parencite{85} \\
    \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Flavones & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) & Mice were subjected to exposure to CS 1 h twice/day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks with Days 0, 11, and 22; the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.3 mL/20 g 100\% CSE. & 50, 100 mg/kg & SLC7A11\textuparrow, GPx4\textuparrow, MDA\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow & \parencite{86} \\
     &  & CSE-treated HBE cells. & 40, 80 $\mu$M & MDA\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow, SLC7A11\textuparrow, GPx4\textuparrow, Nrf2\textuparrow, lipid peroxidation\textdownarrow & \parencite{87} \\
    \SetCell[r=14]{l,bg=white} Flavone glycosides & \SetCell[r=14]{l,bg=white} Baicalin & Male SD rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 40 min, twice/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks. & 20, 40, 80 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in serum and BALF; p65\textdownarrow in lung & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{88} \\
     &  & CSEtreated human type II pneumocytes. & 5, 10, 20 mM & IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow\textit{, }p-p65\textdownarrow, I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textuparrow &  \\
     &  & Male BALB/c mice exposed CS for 1 h/day, 6 days/week for 3 months. & 25, 50, 100 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; IL-8\textdownarrow, MMP-8\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in serum and BALF; HDAC2\textuparrow, p-HDAC2\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{89} \\
     &  & CSE-treated A549 cells. & 10, 50, 100 $\mu$M & IL-8\textdownarrow, HDAC2\textuparrow &  \\
     &  & SD rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h, 3 times/day, 6 days/week for 36 months. & 40, 80, 160 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, and IL-10\textuparrow\textit{, }TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-17, MMP-2\textdownarrow, MMP-9\textdownarrow, TIMP-1\textuparrow\textit{, }MDA\textdownarrow, T-AOC\textuparrow, SOD\textuparrow, HO-1\textdownarrow\textit{, }blood pH and PaO2 & \parencite{90} \\
     &  & Male C57BL/6N mice were subjected to exposure to CS of 1 h for 7 days and administered LPS via nasal instillation. & 25, 50, 100 mg/kg & MUC5AC\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in the BALF; JNK\textdownarrow but HSP72 inhibitor revise all & \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} \parencite{91} \\
     &  & CSE-treated MLE-12 cells. & 5, 10, 20 $\mu$M & HSP72\textdownarrow, apoptosis cell\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & Si-HSP72 treated MLE-12 cells. & / & Apoptosis cell\textuparrow, IL-6\textuparrow, IL-8\textuparrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textuparrow &  \\
     &  & SD rats exposed CS for 1 h/day, 6 days/week, for 24 weeks. & 40, 80,160 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow in lung and serum; p-p65\textdownarrow p-I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textuparrow\textit{, }HDAC2\textuparrow PAI-1\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{92} \\
     &  & CSEtreated HBE cells. & 10, 20, 40 $\mu$M & Cells viability\textuparrow; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, p-p65\textdownarrow, p-I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textuparrow\textit{, }HDAC2\textuparrow, PAI-1\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & LPS-treated HBE cells. & 10, 50, 100 $\mu$M & Cell apoptosis\textdownarrow; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow\textit{, }P21\textdownarrow, Bax\textdownarrow, cyclinD1\textuparrow, Bcl2\textuparrow\textit{, }miR4451\textuparrow & \parencite{93} \\
     &  & IL-1$\beta$treated NCI-H292 cells. & 200 $\mu$g/mL & IL-8\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, p65\textdownarrow, I$\kappa$B\textuparrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow, CFTR\textuparrow & \parencite{94} \\
     &  & Male SD rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 4 weeks, except received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 40, 80, 160 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow, IL-10\textdownarrow in serum; GSH\textuparrow, SOD\textuparrow, MDA\textdownarrow in serum; TLR2\textdownarrow, MYD88\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, and IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow in BALF cells; NF-$\kappa$B\textdownarrow, TLR2\textdownarrow, MYD88\textdownarrow in lung; MYD88\textdownarrow, p-p65\textdownarrow, p-I$\kappa$Ba\textuparrow, TLR2\textdownarrow, TLR4\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{95} \\
     &  & CSE-treated 16HBE cells. & 10 $\mu$M & Cells proliferation\textuparrow; Cell apoptosis\textdownarrow; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow; miR-125a\textdownarrow & \parencite{96} \\
    \SetCell[r=13]{l,bg=white} Flavone glycosides & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Astragalin & Male BALB/c mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 30 min once a day for 8 weeks. & 10, 20 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; PAR-1\textdownarrow, PAR-2\textdownarrow, Tpa\textuparrow, PAI-1\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{97} \\
     &  & Thrombin-exposed A549 cells. & 1, 10, 20 $\mu$M & PAR-1\textdownarrow and PAR-2\textdownarrow, Tpa\textuparrow, PAI-1\textdownarrow Upa\textdownarrow\textit{, }ICAM-1\textdownarrow, COX-2\textdownarrow, iNOS\textdownarrow\textit{, }p-P38\textdownarrow, p-JNK\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=4]{l,bg=white} Icariin & CSE-treated BEAS2B cells. & 20, 40, 80 $\mu$M & IL8\textdownarrow, TNF$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-10\textuparrow; ROS\textdownarrow, MMP-9\textdownarrow, TIMP1\textuparrow\textit{, }GR\textuparrow, HDAC2\textuparrow, NF-$\kappa$B\textdownarrow, Nrf2\textuparrow & \parencite{98} \\
     &  & SD rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 40 min, 5 days/week, 8 weeks. & 2.12 mg/kg (icariin to nobiletin 12.5:1) & Lung function\textuparrow; IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in lung; PI3K\textdownarrow, p-AKT\textdownarrow, p-p38\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{99} \\
     &  & CSE-treated NCI-H292 cells and BEAS-2B cells. & 25, 50, 75 $\mu$M & PPAR\textuparrow\textit{, }NF-$\kappa$B p65/lamin-B\textdownarrow, NF-$\kappa$B p65\textuparrow, I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textuparrow,\textit{ }IL-6\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in BALF or serum & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{100} \\
     &  & Male SD rats were subjected to exposure to CS. & 40 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow\textit{, }PPAR\textuparrow\textit{, }p65\textdownarrow, I$\kappa$B-$\alpha$\textdownarrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Liquiritin apioside & Female ICR mice were subjected to exposure to CS for four days. & 3, 10, 30 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; MPO\textdownarrow in lung; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, TGF-$\beta$\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{101} \\
     &  & CSE-induced A549 cell. & 0.1, 1 $\mu$M & TGF-$\beta$\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, apoptosis cell\textdownarrow &  \\
     & \SetCell[r=4]{l,bg=white} Tilianin & EGF-simulated NCI-H292 cell. & 5, 10, 25, 50 $\mu$M & P-AKT\textdownarrow, p-p38\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, p-MEK\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow, p-Sp1\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{102} \\
     &  & EGF-simulated A549 cell. & 5, 10, 25, 50 $\mu$M & P-AKT, p-p38, p-ERK, p-MEK, p-Sp1\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & Male BALB/c mice were administered 100 $\mu$L of CFD in saline by intratracheal instillation thrice at 3-day intervals for 12 days using bronchial tubes. & 10 mg/kg & CXCL2\textdownarrow, IL-17A\textdownarrow, CXCL1\textdownarrow, and TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in BALF; SDMA\textdownarrow in serum; CXCL2\textdownarrow, IL-17A\textdownarrow, CXCL1\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow NOS-II\textdownarrow, TRPV1\textdownarrow, STAT3\textdownarrow in lung; neutrophil infiltration\textdownarrow in lung and BALF & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{103} \\
     &  & CFA-induced the mouse epithelial cell line LA-4 and human mast-cell line HMC-1. & 50 $\mu$g/mL & CXCL2\textdownarrow, IL-17A\textdownarrow &  \\
     & Naringin & Hartley strain guinea pigs were subjected to exposure to CS 1 h/day, 6 days/week, for 8 weeks. & 18.4 mg/kg & Cough\textdownarrow, pause\textdownarrow; SP\textdownarrow, NEP activity \textuparrow, NK-1 receptor\textdownarrow & \parencite{104} \\
    \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} Isoflavones & Biochanin A & Male SD rats received intratracheal instillation of PM$_{{2.5}}$ once every five days for five times. & 25, 50, 100 mg/kg & SOD\textuparrow, CAT\textuparrow in lung; GSH-Px\textuparrow, ALB\textdownarrow in serum; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-2\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow in lung; MDA\textdownarrow in serum; AKP\textdownarrow, LDH\textdownarrow in BALF; XRCC1\textdownarrow, MAP2K5\textdownarrow, IGJ\textdownarrow & \parencite{105} \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Puerarin & CSE-induced HBE cell. & 50, 100, 200 $\mu$g/mL & Apoptosis\textdownarrow, cleaved caspase3\textdownarrow, Bax\textdownarrow; MMP level\textuparrow mitochondrial ROS\textdownarrow\textit{, }ATP\textuparrow\textit{, }PINK1\textdownarrow, Parkin\textdownarrow, DRP1\textdownarrow, FUNDC1\textdownarrow, p-FUNDC1\textuparrow & \parencite{106} \\
     &  & Male Wistar rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 4 weeks, except received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 50, 100, 200 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow\textit{, }TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow in BALF; apoptosis\textdownarrow in lung; BECN1\textdownarrow, LC3B\textdownarrow in lung; PINK1\textdownarrow, parkin\textdownarrow, Bax\textdownarrow, Bcl-2\textuparrow in lung & \parencite{107} \\
    \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Isoflavones & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Formononetin & Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to exposure to CS of 9 cigarettes/h, 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 24 weeks. & 50 mg/kg & Total cells\textdownarrow, macrophages\textdownarrow, and neutrophils\textdownarrow in BALF; TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, CXCL1\textdownarrow in BALF; IL-10\textdownarrow, CCL22\textdownarrow in lung; Apoptosis: Bcl-2\textuparrow, Bax\textdownarrow, cleaved caspase 3\textdownarrow in lung; Endoplasmic reticulum stress: GRP78\textdownarrow, CHOP\textdownarrow, ATF6\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, p-EIF2$\alpha$\textdownarrow, AhR\textdownarrow, CYP1A1 \textdownarrow, p-AKT\textdownarrow, p-mTOR\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{108} \\
     &  & CSE-exposed BEAS-2B. & 50 $\mu$M FMN & Inflammation: TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow Apoptosis: apoptotic cells\textdownarrow, Bax\textdownarrow, cleaved caspase\textdownarrow ER stress: GRP78\textdownarrow, CHOP\textdownarrow, ATF6\textdownarrow, p-EIF2$\alpha$\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, AhR\textdownarrow, CYP1A1\textdownarrow, p-AKT\textdownarrow, p-mTOR\textdownarrow &  \\
    \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} Flavanols & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} -Epicatechin & Wistar male rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h twice/day for 12 weeks. & 5, 15, 45 mg/kg & MDA\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow in BALF; HO-1\textuparrow, NQO1\textuparrow, SOD1\textuparrow, SOD2\textuparrow, SOD3\textuparrow\textit{, }NLRP3\textdownarrow, GSDMD-N\textdownarrow, caspase-1\textdownarrow,\textit{ }IL-18, IL-1$\beta$ & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{109} \\
     &  & CSE-induced BEAS-2B cells. & 10, 20, 50 $\mu$M & MDA\textdownarrow\textit{, }Keap1\textdownarrow, Nrf2\textuparrow, HO-1\textuparrow, NQO1\textuparrow\textit{, }NLRP3, GSDMD-N, caspase-1, IL-18, IL-1$\beta$ &  \\
     & Epigallocatechin gallate & CSE-induced NHBE cell. & 5, 10, 20 $\mu$M & ROS\textdownarrow, lipid peroxidation\textdownarrow\textit{, }4-HNE-protein adduct\textdownarrow\textit{, }p65\textdownarrow\textit{, }COX-2\textdownarrow, NOX4\textdownarrow, NOS2\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow & \parencite{110} \\
    \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Bisflavonoid & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Ginkgetin & C57 mice were subjected to exposure to CS of 0.5 h twice/day for 10 weeks, and LPS airway instillation on days 1, 14, 28, and 42 d. & 10, 40 mg/kg & IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-17A \textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, in BALF; FEV0.1/FVC\textuparrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{115} \\
     &  & CSE-induced A549 cell. & 50, 100, and 250 $\mu$g/mL & C/EBP$\beta$\textdownarrow, CCL2\textdownarrow &  \\
    \SetCell[r=5]{l,bg=white} Other Flavonoids & \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} Silibinin & Male C57BL/6N mice were subjected to exposure to CS of 1 h/day for 7 days. & 25, 40\textit{ }mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow; IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL6\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow in BALF; p-ERK\textdownarrow, SP1\textdownarrow & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{111} \\
     &  & CSE-induced NCI-H292 cells. & 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 $\mu$M & IL6\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow, SP1\textdownarrow &  \\
     &  & Male C57BL/6N mice were subjected to exposure to CS of 1 h/day for 4 weeks. & 10, 20 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow,\textit{ }IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL6\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in BALF; TGF-$\beta$1\textdownarrow, collagen\textdownarrow, p-Smad 2/3\textdownarrow & \parencite{112} \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Silymarin & BALB/c mice were subjected to exposure to CS of 2 h twice/day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks. & 25, 50 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow; IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL6\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow in BALF; p-p38\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow\textit{, }MDA\textdownarrow, SOD\textdownarrow & \parencite{113} \\
     &  & CSE-exposed BEAS-2B. & 10, 20 $\mu$M & P-p38\textdownarrow, p-ERK\textdownarrow\textit{, }LC3II/I\textdownarrow & \parencite{114} \\
    \SetCell[r=3]{l,bg=white} Total flavonoids & Total flavonoids of \textit{Nigella glandulifera }Freyn et Sint. & Papain nebulization inhalation for 4 weeks, and LPS airway instillation on the 1${{st}}$ and 15${{th}}$ days. & 71.5, 286 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow, NF-$\kappa$B\textdownarrow in BALF & \parencite{116} \\
     & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} Total flavonoids of sea buckthorn & Male ICR mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 30 days and received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 100, 200, 500 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in BALF; IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL6\textdownarrow, COX2\textdownarrow, MUC5AC\textdownarrow, CXCL1\textdownarrow in lung & \SetCell[r=2]{l,bg=white} \parencite{117} \\
     &  & LPS/CSEactivated HBE16 cells. & 10, 20, and 50 $\mu$g/mL & IL1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL6\textdownarrow, CXCL1\textdownarrow\textit{, }MUC5AC\textdownarrow, PGE2\textdownarrow\textit{, }p-ERK\textdownarrow, p-Akt\textdownarrow, p-PKC\textdownarrow &  \\
    \SetCell[r=5]{l,bg=white} Total flavonoids & Total flavonoids from \textit{Scutellaria Baicalensis }Georgi & Male ICR mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 28 days and received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 14${{th}}$ day. & 25, 50 mg/kg & Inflammatory cell\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrowin BALF; MDA\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow, SIRT1\textuparrow, PGC-1$\alpha$\textuparrow in lung & \parencite{118} \\
     & Total flavonoids of Loquat leaves & Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to exposure to CS four times/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. & 50, 100 mg/kg & Body weight\textuparrow and lung index\textdownarrow; TRPV1\textdownarrow in lung; IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, NO\textdownarrow, SOD\textuparrow, MDA\textdownarrow in the serum; p-IKK\textdownarrow, p-I$\kappa$B\textdownarrow, p-p65\textdownarrow, p-Akt\textuparrow, iNOS\textdownarrow\textit{, }CYP2E1\textdownarrow, p-JNK\textdownarrow SOD-2\textuparrow & \parencite{119} \\
     & Total flavonoids of \textit{Trollius altaicus} & Male Wistar rats were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 45 days and received intratracheal instillation of LPS on the 1${{st}}$ and 15${{th}}$ day. & 125, 250, 500 mg/kg & Lung function\textuparrow, W/D\textdownarrow; inflammatory cell\textdownarrow in blood; IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow, IL-6\textdownarrow, IL-8\textdownarrow, IL-10\textuparrow, TNF-$\alpha$\textdownarrow, TGF-1$\beta$\textdownarrow in BALF; TLR4\textdownarrow, IKK$\alpha$\textdownarrow, p65\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrow in lung; IRAK-1\textdownarrow, IKK$\alpha$\textdownarrow, p65\textdownarrow, IL-1$\beta$\textdownarrowin lung & \parencite{120} \\
     & Total flavonoids of \textit{Trollius altaicus} & Old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 40 min twice/day for 4 weeks and received intraperitoneal injections of CSE on the 1${{st}}$, 12${{th}}$, and 23${{rd}}$ days. & 125, 250, 500 mg/kg & P-p38 MAPK\textdownarrow, p-ERK1/2\textdownarrow in lung & \parencite{121} \\
     & Total flavonoids of Dandelion & Female BALB/c mice were subjected to exposure to CS for 1 h/day for 12 weeks. & 2, 25, 4.5 g/kg & Lung function\textuparrow; SOD\textuparrow, GSH\textuparrow, MDA\textdownarrow\textit{, }Nrf2\textuparrow, SOD1\textuparrow, HO-1\textuparrow & \parencite{122} \\
\end{longtblr}
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