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\newlabel{fig:qmarker_path}{{1}{6}{Prediction analysis path of Q-Markers for Fangji Huangqi Decoction. Note: The study starts from the six component herbs and their main chemical groups. Then it applies the five Q-Marker principles: Transmissibility and traceability: select components that can be traced from raw herbs through decoction to measurable forms in plasma or target tissues; Specificity: prioritize components with high species specificity that can distinguish genuine herbs from adulterants; Efficacy: select components with clear evidence supporting their contribution to key actions such as tonifying Qi, promoting diuresis, and reducing inflammation; Compatibility environment: consider the behavior of components in the multi-herb decoction, including solubility changes, interactions, and stability; Measurability: ensure that candidate markers are stable and can be accurately measured by standard analytical methods. Through this step-by-step screening, we finally determined a set of ten core Q-Markers}{figure.caption.1}{}}